Mother-Daughter Relationship in Toni Morrisons Beloved...

The Mother-Daughter Relationship in Toni Morrisons Beloved In Toni Morrison novel, Beloved , the author creates a mother-daughter relationship in which the mother Sethe, out of love, murders her daughter Beloved to free and protect her from the harshness of slavery. Because of this, the baby ghost of her deceased daughter haunts her conscience and is later resurrected to further torment Sethe about her act of love. From the time she slits the throat of her infant daughter and until the end of the novel, we are associated with the justifications of Sethes actions and become understanding of Morrisons use of this conflict to recreate history in relaying the harshness of slavery in this time period. The†¦show more content†¦Morrisons constant use of parallelism between Sethe and Beloved allow the reader to never forget the mental connection the two have, as well as the love the two hold for each other, which is ironically the origin of the disunity of mother and daughter. The juxtaposition of Sethes reminder to Beloved that she loves her, and Beloveds reminder that Sethe left her further illustrates that the two do not understand each others reasons of love and abandonment (217). The repetitious question me .. me of Sethe when told by Paul D that she was the best thing in this world represent the fact that she values her childrens lives more than her own, and that she constantly questions herself as to whether or not she is more important than her family (273). Through the foundations of love, Morrison allows the reader to fully visualize the origins of the mother-daughter conflict in the novel. Not only does this conflict paint a picture of a relationship between a parent and child, but it also contributes to Morrisons attempt at recreating the harshness of slavery for the readers to envision the cruelty and inhumanity that the black slave population endured. Sethe murders Beloved because she does not wish for her to be dirtied by the whites (251). The mothers love for her child is so powerful that she kills BelovedShow MoreRelated The Mother-Daughter Relationship in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay2799 Words   |  12 PagesThe Mother-Daughter Relationship in Toni Morrisons Beloved In Toni Morrison’s Beloved, 124 can be thought of as a character with human characteristics that are brought about by the spiritual presence of Sethe’s deceased daughter. It is almost as if the house is the physical element of this spiritual force, and the naming of the house as simply 124 immediately allows â€Å"readers to unconsciously register the unseen number three in 1-2-4† (Washington 175). This idea becomes relevant because afterRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Beloved1615 Words   |  7 PagesIn her novel Beloved, Toni Morrison utilizes a circular narrative to emphasize the similarities, or lack thereof, between her characters. In Philip Page’s article, â€Å"Circularity in Toni Morrison’s Beloved,† he writes, â€Å"The plot is developed through repetition and variation of one or more core-images in overlapping waves... And it is developed through... the spiraling reiteration of larger, mythical acts such as birth, death, rebi rth, quest-journeys, and the formation and disintegration of families†Read MoreToni Morrison s Beloved : Cycle Of Claim1007 Words   |  5 PagesCycle of Claim in Toni Morrison’s Beloved Toni Morrison’s Beloved centers around the repercussions of slavery. The novel reveals that the memories of enslavement, particularly the denial of them, effect life even after slavery is abolished. The black community is unwilling to accept their past, causing them to lack self identities. Even after escaping a life of bondage, the characters are forever trapped in the external world of slavery. As Sethe says on page 95, â€Å"Freeing yourself was one thing;Read MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Beloved 1310 Words   |  6 PagesMommy Issues: A â€Å"Beloved† Response Essay Late in 1987, after being inspired by a fellow story of a female fugitive slave, Toni Morrison pens a novel about a runaway slave and her children. Although Morrison’s â€Å"Beloved† quickly became a best-seller, and even has a movie adaption, it still left the audience with many unanswered questions. This novel not only gave a voice to those who were often silenced in the male stories of slavery, but it also perfectly exemplified the relationship was between theRead MoreToni Morrison s Beloved, The Bond Between A Mother And Daughter1540 Words   |  7 Pagesallowing for a more intimate connection with the family. Nevertheless, terrible events can blur this concept between being healthy or dangerous. In Beloved, by Toni Morrison, the bond between a mother and daughter is a strong, unbreakable force, like in any family. However, that doesn’t guarantee that it will always be good; it can also be a toxic relationship that slowly kills one or both partners of th e bond mentally and physically. Everyone wishes to be loved or have affection displayed towards themRead MoreEssay about The Association of Maternal Bonds and Identity in Beloved1583 Words   |  7 PagesToni Morrison’s novel, Beloved, is a â€Å"haunting stray of a mother’s love that frames a series of irrelated love stories by multiple narrators† (Bell 61). The main character Sethe is a mother who fails to realize her children’s needs. She attempts to protect her children from the community amongst many other dangers such as slavery and love, however ultimately isolating them. Sethe’s character as well as actions confirms the â€Å"struggle and psychological trauma of slavery† (Napierkowski 35) from whichRead MoreToni Morrisons Beloved Essay868 Words   |  4 Pagessubstantial damage to a person’s psychological development. Linda Krumholz in the African American Review claims the book Beloved by Toni Morrison aids the nation in the recovery from our traumatic hi story that is blemished with unfortunate occurrences like slavery and intolerance. While this grand effect may be true, one thing that is absolute is the lesson this book preaches. Morrison’s basic message she wanted the reader to recognize is that life happens, people get hurt, but to let the negative experiencesRead MoreToni Morrison s Beloved Are All Too Familiar With Inequality1285 Words   |  6 Pagescharacters in Nobel Prize winner Toni Morrison’s novel Beloved are all too familiar with inequality. Beloved is set after the American Civil War. Sethe, a runaway slave, begins on the journey to escape Kentucky’s slavery, and arrives in the free city of Cincinnati, Ohio. Confronted by slave-catchers, she murders her third born to protect it from a fate Sethe considers worse than death: slavery. The spirit of the dead daughter haunts the house in which Sethe, her mother-in-law Baby Suggs, and the remainingRead MoreToni Morrison s Beloved And The Ghosts Of Slav ery : Historical Recovery1691 Words   |  7 Pages In the novel Beloved, Toni Morrison develops character Beloved as an allegorical figure to embody slavery’s horrific past and the lasting impact that unresolved past trauma has upon the present. Morrison develops the character Beloved to represent all the unremembered and untold stories of slavery and to further the message that we must maintain a collective memory of slavery in order to pursue a hopeful future. Morrison develops Beloved as a character through her interactions with other charactersRead More Comparing the Role of the Ghost in Morrisons Beloved and Kingstons No Name Woman972 Words   |  4 PagesThe Symbolic Role of the Ghost in Morrisons Beloved and Kingstons No Name Woman The eponymous ghosts which haunt Toni Morrisons Beloved and Maxine Hong Kingstons No Name Woman (excerpted from The Woman Warrior) embody the consequence of transgressing societal boundaries through adultery and murder. While the wider thematic concerns of both books differ, however both authors use the ghost figure to represent a repressed historical past that is awakened in their narrative retelling of the

Rough Draft Free Essays

One of the points that the article talked a out was having a strong personal characteristic such as integrity and to be motivated. The defied notion for integrity is to be honest and fair and to be complete or whole. Integrity is one of the m ajar keys while on this journey. We will write a custom essay sample on Rough Draft or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s notes making sure you avoid plagiarism or cheating, but eke ping your nose the grindstone and keeping yourself motivated when you want to quit Everett inning. Another strong characteristic that a student will need to have is being able to be an in dependent learner. There are going to be many hours to devote to homework and studying. The more classes a dent takes the more hours they will have to carve out of their already busy schedule, so long distance learners need to possess clearances to develop the independent lea ran inning characteristic (Termini, 201 0, pig 58). The article talks about a couple of factors that come into play with long distance students as well. The first factor of being an online successful s dent is environmental, where family can help and support the online learners. Family can help with multiple things, like fixing dinner, doing laundry and doing errands riff there AR e any other licensed drivers in the home. This will give the online student a chance to use time management a must have to keep the student on track. If the student does not manage the IR time they will not be able to turn in their work in on time to get the adequate help from the insist rector if it is needed. The second and equally important factor is the technical aspect. To be success useful in the online structure, it will help if the student is somewhat tech saws. Everything from c immunization with the instructor, taking tests, turning in homework and watching any discs session is done with the connection of the internet. It is imperative to have the right kind of soft re to protect your computer. Also making sure the learner has the correct word processor, became use of all the research papers that will be written. Ill. Reflection After reading the article was surprised to find out that Titration stated † t here are certain kinds of students that can learn online†. (As cited in Boyd, 2004, pig 3139). SST dents, much like myself, getting ready to take online courses may think it is going to be far more easier then in a classroom setting, but that is not necessarily true. If the online learner do sees not have the right learning characteristic, like being self reliant and highly motivated, they ay find out that they are not able to be successful and be among the many that have dropped out. That is what challenges me. I don’t want to be another drop out statistics, yet again. The SST rarities in the article are similar to the course that I’m taking. They talk about the important e of time management, setting goals, and learning to be a motivated, independent long distant student. A scripture that have for this as a reminder for me to stay strong and determine Ned is; Sec 8:6 For there is a proper time and procedure for every matter, though I person may be weighed down by misery. (NIB) IV. Application The most important thing that I have taken from this topic is that there are many factors that can help or hinder me. I have already begun the steps of good time manage meet, which in the most important key to online learning. Eve filled out a calendar with all my lessons and all my daily activities and printed it. I keep it by my laptop at all times, so I’m able to see what the day brings. Sometimes I have had to adjust a few personal activities around, so the at can make more time to study and keep ahead with my homework The calendar has also help my in my daily life. Its had kept me motivated to make time for the gym. For years have off get with myself to stay motivated in that area, but now can see it,in writing, and have to do that first thing in the morning. Another motivating factor for me will be to stay in connected with t he advisors at my University. They can help guide me to which courses are the most important t o take first. I plan to keep connected to the university community website. Living across the coo net makes it hard to feel any kind of connection with the campus, but chatting with classmates online or watching events on the web will bring the connection closer. V. Conclusion In conclusion, have found out that it is very important to not lose hope as an online learner. How to cite Rough Draft, Papers Rough Draft Free Essays Identity is what defines us as a person. Everyone one on earth has their own unique identity. To showcase my identity, I created a collage of images and descriptive words, called an identi-kit. We will write a custom essay sample on Rough Draft or any similar topic only for you Order Now This identi-kit shows what I feel like is my identity to myself and the others. My identi-kit identifies me as a mixed martial artist. The identi-kit has images of a deadly shark with mixed martial arts gloves on that say mixed martial arts on the front and fight shorts with the words competitor and warrior on them. It also has descriptive words like â€Å"killer instinct† and â€Å"fight† which describe my spirit. There are three assumptions that come to question when asking about one’s identity. The first is if you were born with this identity? The second is if this identity was shaped because of culturally influences? The third is if the identity was created because of personal choices in your life? My identity was formed by all three assumptions of identity. orn with. Me joining and training in mixed martial arts were both culturally influenced and a personal choice. My brother and brother-in-law influenced me in mixed martial arts and then it was my personal choice to train and experience mixed martial arts. My never give up and go for the kill attitude was what I was born with. My identi-kit shows that my identity is a mixed martial artists that is disciplined and has a killer instinct when it comes to competition. The images and words on the identi-kit were carefully chosen to fully project my identity. One image that was chosen is an image of a shark that looks ferocious and ready to go one more round. This image displays that I am the same way. When it comes to training and competing I am mean and will go one more round to win. Quitting is not an option in my life. There is a phrase on my identi-kit and it says â€Å"Killer Instinct†. This phrase was chosen because it is very descriptive and shows that I have the killer instinct to fight through the pain and suffering. There are many images of fight shorts that have words on then that are very important in my life. The two that are my favorite have the words â€Å"Warrior† and â€Å"Competitor† on them. These words were chosen to reflect my identity as a competitor and a warrior when it comes to mixed martial arts and life in general. One image on the identi-kit shows the word â€Å"Hayabusa† which is the fastest falcon in the world. To me hayabusa means to be fast and quick but do not hurry. The Hayabusa is the fastest bird in the world that is fast and quick but does not screw up. My life revolves around working fast and quick but not to mess up at the same time. The images and phrases put together on the identi-kit help others to identify me because they are all very descriptive and imaginative. The identi-kit forms my identity to other people because to train and compete in mixed martial arts you have to be much disciplined, self-motivated, and have the killer instinct to go and fight with another human being. I was born with my identity and at the same time influenced and made the choice to do what I do. My identity was created by all three assumptions of identity while with others it could be just one or two assumptions that made who they are. I was born with me living my life in the fast lane. I have to keep on moving and trucking without ever stopping. I was born with my killer instinct and passion for competition. My involvement in mixed martial arts was influenced and a choice. Everyone has their niche in life. Some people are good at football, others in academics, while I was good at mixed martial arts. I was not interested until my family started to getting me involved by watching live mixed martial arts events on television. As I watched more events the more I became interested and encouraged to get involved. Then came my personal choice to start training in mixed martial arts and I never regret making that decision. To some extent identity is a performance. For some people it’s to satisfy the likes of others. For some it’s trying to join a certain community. For most identity is not a performance. Identity is not something you can â€Å"put on† or â€Å"take off†. Sadly for others identity is exactly what was just stated. In order for some people to be happy and impress others they put on an identity in order to fit in. For some it’s a personal choice and for others they are influenced by the culture that surrounds them. What is cool to some may be uncool to others. To some smoking dope is cool and if you do it you are cool but to others like myself I do not think smoking dope is cool. I do not think it is cool but I do not hate anyone that does smoke it because that is their identity and a personal choice. My identity is not to impress anybody or to fit in with a certain crowd, my identity is what makes me happy and what labels me to other people. People want to be cool and be liked, so they commit to an identity that is not who they really are. The thing that makes us is us. For me my identity is what it is and others may not think it is cool or not right but it is who I am and what makes me. My identi-kit showcases who I am and what I am like. It displays my label to me and others. It shows that I love the aspect of competing and having the killer instinct to do so. This is important because it shows my identity is not something you can just put on and then later take off. Every image and phrase on my identi-kit is a little piece of who I am and what I offer to others. My images and phrases were the perfect strategies to display my identity and in doing so helped me to identify myself. What makes us who we are? How to cite Rough Draft, Papers Rough Draft Free Essays Michael Jordan is arguable the best basketball player who ever played the game. A phenomenal athlete with the unique combination of fundamental soundness, grace, speed, power, artistry, and an unquenchable competitive desire, Jordan single-handedly redefined the NBA superstar. The thing that separated Jordan from the rest of the all-time greats was his compulsive need to win. We will write a custom essay sample on Rough Draft or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jordan was and is still known for his intense competitiveness and will to win, but that has not translated to his ownership of the Charlotte Bobcats. Jordan burst into the league as a rookie sensation scoring in droves with an unmatchable first step and acrobatic drives and dunks and concluded his career as a cultural icon. Hard work, dedication, and the desire to be the best Jordan attained many individual accolades through out his career. Individual honors include 10 All-NBA first teams, nine all-defensive first-team, and the NBA’s most valuable player five times. Jordan is the greatest scorer the league has ever seen. He won a record 10 scoring titles, and boasted a career average of 30. 1 points per game, the most in NBA history. Jordan was also among the greatest winners in NBA history leading the Chicago Bulls to six titles. Jordan became a true champion who spearheaded the globalization of the NBA. Using his dynamic on court abilities, personal sense of style, and star power Jordan built Brand Jordan. Created in 1985 Brand Jordan is an innovator of athletic shoes and apparel marketed to the masses. Brand Jordan has grown to become a market leader under Jordan’s creative design input. Shortly after leading the Bulls to their third consecutive championship Jordan was struck by tragedy. He lost his father, James, to an act of violence after the end of the 1992-1993 season. In a move that shocked the world Michael Jordan decided to retire from basketball to pursue baseball to honor his late father. In March 1995, however; Jordan returned to the basketball court. He rejoined the Chicago Bulls and eventually helped win the championship that year. He was the star of the team with the greatest record ever, the 1995-96 Bulls, who finished the regular season 72-10, and blew through the playoffs with a 15-3 record, an 87-13 record in one year. Leading the Bulls to another three-peat Jordan retired a second time in 1999 ending his career on a high note. Labor disputes between NBA players and team owners, and the eventual breakup of the Bulls dynasty were the reasons he called it quits. After a brief hiatus from basketball Jordan returned to the NBA in 2000 not as a player, but as part owner and president of basketball operations for the Washington Wizards. His record as the president of the Washington Wizards was horrendous. His time running the Wizards began in 2000, and he had the final say in personnel matters, such as drafting mega-bust Kwame Brown with the number one pick in 2001. Seeing the rise of young stars like Kobe Bryant, Allen Iverson, and Tracy Mcgrady, and the decline of his status as a player Jordan decided he wanted to return to the court. The next year he began comeback number three. After two disappointing seasons with the Wizards Jordan retired for the last time in 2003. Assuming he would get his job back as the team president, but after doing such a terrible job at team management and evaluating talent team owner Abe Pollin dismissed Jordan. In his three-plus seasons as an executive and player with the Washington Wizards, Jordan’s teams were 110-179. Out of basketball from 2003 to 2005 the Charlotte Bobcats hired Jordan to run the team. Jordan joined the franchise in 2006 as managing member of basketball operations for owner Robert Johnson. Time away from the game did not improve his talent evaluating skills. His first move in Charlotte was drafting Adam Morrison another mega-bust and trading away a first-round pick to get Tyrus Thomas. Someone that has not played up to his potential and is to make $26 million over the next three seasons. The bad decisions and poor team management did not stop there. In 2008, after narrowly missing the play-offs he made the dreadful choice to dismantle a very good team to avoid salary cap issues. In 2010, Jordan took over majority ownership of the Charlotte Bobcats buying the team from owner Robert Johnson. Jordan is the first former player to become the majority owner of an NBA team. Unlike his experiences as a front office man in Charlotte and Washington he has to answer to no one. Jordan has been majority owner for only two years, but managing member of basketball operations for fours before that and the team has gotten worse each year under his control. The Bobcats have produced only one winning season with Jordan’s fingerprints on the team, compiling a record of 188-232. As a decision-maker, Jordan has been disastrous. However, fans, and media seem reluctant to criticize him, perhaps out of deference to his exploits as an athlete. Jordan the athlete was the ultimate leader, disciplined, competitive, and most important driven to win. As an owner he pays attention to team matters when he feels like it. He golfs, skis, and appears at celebrity events instead of managing his team. Jordan’s status as the greatest player ever and as a high-profile owner it almost impossible for general managers and talent evaluators to do his or her job properly because if they cross Jordan, they will get fire before he listens to his or her opinions. As a result he hires his friends or people who will not disagree or object with the way he runs the team. The one issue of Michael Jordan has a talent evaluator is that he may not understand why players do not have the same work ethic and skill as he had. His mentality as a player was to outwork his opponent, and he displayed skills that shattered opponents on the hardwood but he has not had the same effect behind a mahogany desk. Because of Jordan the Bobcats have a long, painful road ahead of them. It will take years before they are relevant again. In conclusion, Jordan is arguably the greatest basketball player ever but the same skills that drove him as an NBA star are absent as an executive. While possessing the knowledge of how and what it takes to win, he is not as successful as an owner as he was as a player. A fierce competitor on the court Jordan did what it took to win but as an owner his competitive spirit is does not exist. He is not even around and his team loses every night. Two reasons are the cause for his teams disappointing results on the court. First, his talent, high basketball IQ, and knowledge of the game has not translated to managing his team. Most important he has failed miserably at personnel decisions and evaluating talent. Until he improves in these areas the Charlotte Bobcats will continue to be the worst team in the NBA. How to cite Rough Draft, Papers

Edgar Allen Poe 3.07 Questions the Red Death free essay sample

According to the first paragraph, what characteristics of the Red Death make it such a horrible disease? -According to the first paragraph, some of the characteristics that make the â€Å"Red Death† such a horrible disease are the sharp pains, sudden dizziness, and profuse bleeding at the pores that one experiences when they contract the disease. 2. Describe in detail Prosperos plan for escaping the epidemic. Prospero’s Plan for escaping the epidemic was to lock himself along with a thousand of his friends inside one of his castled abbeys. By doing this he hoped to prevent the infection from entering his domain. He intended to wait until the spread of the disease had completely subsided, and then return to the outside world. 3. What do the ebony clock and its arresting chimes add to the plot? Can you think of any symbolic value the clock might have? -The ebony clocks and its arresting chimes add suspense to the story, as well as foreshadow. We will write a custom essay sample on Edgar Allen Poe 3.07 Questions the Red Death or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I think that the clock symbolizes the hands of time. Poe is trying to show that everyone’s time is limited, and that there is no escaping death. 4. What symbolic evidence can you find in Poes use of the following: a. the number seven I think that the number seven symbolizes the seven days of creation. b. the use of colors, especially the black and scarlet in the seventh room The use of colors symbolizes the stages in a person’s life. The first room, which is blue, represents birth. The last room, the black room, symbolizes death. c. the movement from east to west in the sequence of the rooms and throughout the story The movement from east to west represents a person’s lifespan in regards to the sun. The sun rises in the east, providing light, but eventually will set in the west, with its light no longer present. 5. In the last paragraph, Poe alludes to a prophecy from the Bible: For yourselves know perfectly that the Day of the Lord so cometh like a thief in the night. (1 Thessalonians 5:2) The Day of the Lord is a way of referring to Judgment Day, or the last day of the world. In your opinion, how does this allusion add a layer of meaning to this story? -I believe that this allusion does provide a meaning to the story, but also serves as a warning. It shows us that we cannot escape judgment, so one should be prepared for when that time comes. If we ignore this fact, the time of judgment may come when we are least expecting it, ith our heart resting in the wrong place. 6. The want of parental affection, wrote Poe has been the heaviest of my trials. Explain why Poe would make such a statement. -Poe would make such a statement because within three years of his birth, both of his parents died. 7. What prominent military academy did Poe attend? Did he graduate? Why or why not? -Poe attended West Point Military Academy, but was kicked out as a result of foul behavior. 8. In great detail, comment on Virginia Clemm. -Virginia Clemm was Edgar Allen Poe’s first wife. She was also his first cousin. She married Poe when she was only thirteen years old, while he was age 27. However, she listed her age as 21 when they went in to be legally wed. Their relationship was very strong, and observers described them as being deeply in love. Sadly, she contracted tuberculosis in January 1842, and died from the disease in January 1847 at the age of 24. 9. The name Edgar A. Perry is significant because? -The name Edgar A. Perry is significant because this is the name that Poe used to enlist in the army at age 18, claiming that he was 22. 10. From 1835 1837 Poe edited for what publication? -From 1835 – 1837 Poe edited for the Messenger.

Marketin Strategy In E-Commerce Essays - Management,

Marketin Strategy In E-Commerce Marketing Strategy and E-Commerce Introduction With the rapidly advancing technologies that are occurring in modern business, organisations are required to be ready, and able to adapt within their ever-changing environment. It is true across all diverse industries that in order to stay competitive, organisations must be able to utilise the various tools that technology has to offer. Technological factors have been of growing importance, particularly in recent years. A major factor involved in these technology issues is the use of the Internet as a major issue to modern organisations. The Internet has been rapidly growing since it's inception and is now commonly used in all sectors of societies, in all corners of the globe. The Internet has quickly become one of the most valuable assets in modern technology, and as such, is developing as an integral part of modern commerce. As with past technologies, the Internet will have future technological advances develop from its own growth. The task the organisations of in the new century? Realise future opportunities and threats, and base a strategy accordingly. Is it clich? to say that 'the Internet changes everything': the challenge now is to say what, how and how quickly. (When Companies Connect, 1999, p.19) The Internet has lead to the birth and evolution of electronic commerce or E-commerce. E-commerce has now become a key component of many organisations in the daily running of their business. Simply defined, electronic commerce is a system of online shopping and information retrieval accessed through networks of personal computers. (Reedy, J. Schullo, S. Zimmerman, K. 2000, pg. 29) E-commerce challenges traditional organisational practices, and opens ups a vast array of issues that the organisations must address. By focusing on the varying levels of an organisation, it soon become apparent the effects that E-commerce can have. An understanding of the implication E-commerce has on such organisational divisions can help businesses gain understanding hence plan for it's inevitable continuing evolution. In terms of marketing, the modern organisation must be critically aware of the development of E-commerce, and the implications that it entails. Marketers develop their own recipe of promotional tactics to fit the product lines or industries in which they compete. Now electronic communications tools are and will continue to be an important ingredient in the promotional mix (Reedy, J. Schullo, S. Zimmerman, K. 2000, pg. 29) In assessing the implications of E-commerce in terms of marketing, it is important to understand its impact in respect to marketing strategy formulation. As the Internet, and in turn E-commerce has developed, and continues to evolve and grow, it is vital that any organisation, in any particular industry, must base it's strategic planning around such a rapidly growing medium. The growth of the Internet is an environmental influence that must be embraced and understood so to successfully plan for future marketing implementation. In order to successful realise the impact that E-commerce has in terms of marketing, it is important to break the area of interest into some key areas. As most of the issues that arise in terms of E-commerce represent organisations entering the environment, it seems natural to base discussion around this. Therefore, the bulk of the literature review relates existin g organisations entering into the E-commerce market environment. In successfully identifying the relationship between E-commerce and strategy, the issues are categorised as follows: 1. Strategic analysis ? Understanding the environment 2. Identifying the strategic options/SWOT analysis ? Strategic Advantages/Disadvantages ? Advertising ? Electronic cost cutting/publishing/Process 3. Corporate level, Business level, d Marketing level 4. Retailing in E-commerce ? Implementation Issues ? Financial ? Performance monitoring 5. Conclusion ? Based on current knowledge state To gain a clearer understanding of the implication of E-Commerce in the formulation of marketing strategy, it is imperative to gain a clear understanding of the environment and it's relevant effects. This helps in understanding the rationale in a developing marketing strategy, particularly the influences of E-Commerce on its make-up. The next crucial element is to gain an understanding of E-commerce itself, as well as t he current and possible future developments. In understanding E-commerce's impact on strategic foundations, an organisation's strategies can be more clearly focused. Once the organisation and E-commerce's respective environments are clear it is then

Ethnocentrism essays

Ethnocentrism essays Ethnocentric, derived from the Greek words of Ethnos, meaning race, people or cultural group, and Kentrikos, meaning concentrated about or directed to a center is a word that greatly describes many cultures on this planet we call Earth . The official definition of Ethnocentric is characterized or based on the attitude that ones own group is superior or having race as a central interest. There is a whole world of problems, politics, and, other cultures, but it seems that the average Americans only interest is that of themselves. The reason I chose to focus more on the American being ethnocentric is because I have been Why is it that in most foreign countries being knowledgeable about world politics is just as important as their own cultures politics? America is the melting pot of the world with so many different cultures and we accept this variety into our country as we were accepted when our ancestors came over. Today I feel that people are arrogant towards those foreigners who dont wash away their former demeanor. Why dont we realize that we are so lucky to live in a secure and free country that should glorify diversity and not promote prejudice. When we make contact with people whose beliefs and cultural tradition challenge our own perspective most feel some sort of intimidation. Professor Michael Bond from Simon "the mere existence of different others is inherently threatening because they either implicitly or explicitly challenge the absolute validity of one's own perspective. According to this analysis, prejudice is a psychological inability to tolerate the existence of different others and results from a need to maintain absolute faith in one's own Ethnocentrism in my opinion is very ignorant, unintelligen ...

Article Review Essay Example for Free

Article Review Essay The article, School Counseling Outcome: A Meta-Analytic Explanation of Interventions, written by Whiston, S., Tai, W., Rahardja, D., and Eder, K. is research done to show if certain interventions and techniques used by school counselors are effective. The article discussed two types of studies, one with controlled comparisons and another involving pre and posttest differences. The article began with the history of counseling and the model counselors are using. Campbell and Dahir’s (as cited in Whiston, Tai, Rahardja, & Eder, 2011), â€Å"specified that school counselors should coordinate a program that facilitates academic, career, and personal social development†. Many schools and counselors have been following Gysber’s and Henderson’s model which has four program components supported by the American School Counselor Association (ASCA). They include guidance curriculum, individual planning, responsive services, and system support. There has been limited research done on these components to conclude if the interventions are effective. â€Å"A major problem with the reviews of school counseling is that they are not able to indicate the degree to which school counseling interventions influence student outcome† (Whiston, Tai, Rahardja, & Eder (2011). In the article there were some major strengths and gains. There was evidence that specific interventions work with certain groups. The research also supports the need for school counselor to be more involved with all students, since there is a positive effect when students have been working with a guidance counselor. Yet, we still need more  research in the elementary level to see how we can support the younger students more effectively. There were also some major limitations noted about the study. This included not having enough supported information on how the interventions or treatments were conducted, missing valuable information, not having reliable standardized assessments, not following up to see how the interventions helped, and the study was done with only specific interventions. They also concluded that there were specific gains in certain areas, but could not identify how they got those results. The conclusions of the studies indicate that students who receive services from a counselor scored higher on standardized test. Counseling also helped with discipline, problem solving, and career knowledge compared to students not receiving any interventions. This shows the importance of having a school counselor and the role they play in making a difference in the lives they touch. Both studies indicated the â€Å"effectiveness of a balance approach to school counseling that provides a guidance curriculum to all students and responsive services that respond to students’ issues† (Whiston, Tai, Rahardja, & Eder, 2011). In this study we can see how important a school counselor is to students facing difficult issues. It is noted how some interventions can help a student be successful with academics, social interactions, and behavior. After reading this article I can see how effective counseling can be for all students. As an elementary teacher I will try to use a strategic comprehensive guidance program and data to guide my instruction. Using information from teachers, parents and administration I can plan my lessons to better meet the needs of students. Following up with students and keeping data on interventions will be a priority. References: Whiston, S. C., Tai, W., Rahardja, D., & Eder, K. (2011). School counseling outcome: A meta†analytic examination of interventions. Journal Of Counseling & Development, 89(1), 37-55. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00059.x Article Review. (2016, Apr 23). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Social Work and the Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Work and the Law - Case Study Example In other instances, abuse reports from hospital visits were ignored and the child was returned to her abusers. The Timeline article noted that three social workers were sacked after a public inquiry by Lord Laming found them guilty of negligence. Since Victoria's death, there has been an upheaval in reforms to protect children, young people and vulnerable adults, especially in the areas of social work and the government in the UK. Under the Children's Act of 2004 (Smith 2005), legislation in the following areas has been introduced: physical and mental health, emotional well being, protection from harm and neglect, education training and recreation, contributions by children to society, and social and economic well being. The question becomes whether these generalized areas can become focused enough to matter. Studies indicate that the basic areas affected by the Act are the rights of children through the revised Mental Health Act; needs of pupils through Qualification and Curriculum Authority (QCA)__related to the number of new international family arrivals; disability awareness training; the Education Act 2005; help for people with dementia through the International Health Study related to quality of life; the need for new legislation prohibiting discrimination because of sexual orientation, and the effort to balance work and life in the community (Background 2006). This is an ambitious enterprise, but given past history, it is not likely that the Children Act 2004 will resolve all of the issues in conflict. There is presently a two-year assessment underway funded by the Nuffield Foundation which began in October 2004 and will continue to September 2006. The assessment is based on the Human Rights Act of 1998 which brought the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) into UK domestic law, and the purpose is to determine anti-discriminatory measures available under the Equality Bill which extend to children and young people (All Party Parliamentary 2005). One concern in the Climbi inquiry was allegation of racism. Victoria was African and spoke little English (Timeline 2003). At present, no police officers criticised by the inquiry have lost their jobs, and one of the social workers involved has been allowed to resume working with children (Climbi Inquiry 2005). With anti-discrimination a key concern in the UK and Blacks, ethnic minorities and the disabled the focus of many reforms underway, the social aims of the UK government are commendable, but one wonders if they can actually chan ge public perception in a way that creates a safe environment for children. The policies contained in the law have weaknesses. The Equality Bill allows for enforcement against anti-discriminatory actions, but, according to the Child Impact Statement, "its powers in relation to the Human Rights Act 1998 are primarily promotional." Clause 9(2)(a) of the Equality Bill defines human rights as ECHR rights specifically, though subsection (b) enables the new Commission on Equality and Human Rights to exercise its functions in respect of other human rights. This could include the UN Convention on the Rights of the

A Historian Promotes Militant Nationalism Research Paper

A Historian Promotes Militant Nationalism - Research Paper Example This article analyzes the studies from writings from Hunt’s research and text, and related research to arrive at a corroborative consensus whether â€Å"Historians promote Militant Nationalism†1 and why this was so. When looking at Germany from a Post Prussian war perspective, the soldiers and the military divisions that contributed to the creation of Germany as a nation, dictated the social and cultural viewpoint of that times. The military was considered a Godsend and a soldier was their supreme leader. A lot of deference and importance was given to a soldier’s way of thinking. Amidst all this backdrop of military development, there was also an abundance of growth on the national sector. Roadways were built, science and medicine showed great advancements and technology of the time was at a boom. Art and culture also developed and lavished under this veil of social stability. While nationalism was growing in Germany and Europe in general, the nations fought to strengthen their borders and gain supremacy over land and sea. This period also saw the rise of religious tensions as different religions fought to become independent and individual entities. As Hunt states, â€Å"By 1914, the air was even more charged, with militant nationalism in the Balkan states and conflicts in domestic politics propelling Europeans toward mass destruction.†2 Ethic loyalty took precedence over nationalist feelings. The national leaders focused on maintaining their supremacy and sought war as the easiest and fastest solution to this tension, which they thought to be temporary. The undercurrent of militant nationalism became more forceful and the strengthening of the nation’s borders justified the growing spending on military advancements. The common man was riddled by this socio-economic situation and became a part of this struggle to maintain the strength of their nation. Ironically Art, literature and sports blossomed in the midst of

Learning and Development Essay Example for Free

Learning and Development Essay Strategic activities in organization or at work places are approaches to human resource management that provide a framework to support long term business goals and outcomes, these approaches vary in relation to the business activities itself. Schwab (1980) noted that the growing body of strategic research can be seen in two interrelated ways which are the substantive and measurement streams. The substantive stream refers to studies which emphasizes on the physiology or character of a theoretical relationship between independent and dependent variables while the measurement stream focuses on the outcome of the correlation between the underlying theoretical concept and operationalization itself (Venkatraman and Grant 1986). This academic article tries to look at more of the measurement stream in relation to training, learning and development based on previous academic articles and my own general understanding of how truly these strategic these concepts are or not. Learning training and development are human resource development activities and over time, two factors have influenced these concepts towards being part of the evolutional role of the formulating business strategy which are the centrality of information technology to business success and the sustainable competitive advantage offered by work force expertise (Swanson and Terraco 1995) Critical business issues from new marketing strategies to innovations in production technology are based on, among other factors, the performance capabilities of those expected to use these new work systems, this means that employee expertise itself has been expanded through effective programs of employee development. Therefore activities of human resource development in the work place such as learning training and development have truly been strategic by maintaining the pace with the increasingly sophisticated information and production technologies that continue to diffuse throughout vital industries of the world (swanson and terraco1994). The conceptualization of strategic human resource management as a management system which matches business concerns with human resource activities (Beer et al 1984;miles and snow 1984) have been referred to as a high performance work system(HPWS)(Bercker et al 1196) which is characterized by provision of employee development and training activities in with the business strategy(Aurthur 1994: Huselid 1995; Jackson and Schuler 1995;MacDuffie 1995) for example,selction, development and rewards involves the internal combination of procedures across the hr function. This shows the degree of emphases placed on the link between human resource activities and business need in relation to strategy (Baird and Meshoulam 1988; Lengnick-Hall and Lengnick-Hall 1988; Fisher 1989; Boxall 1992; Mabey and Iles 1993; Schuler 1992).  Successful internal integration of HR activities results in organizational benefits (Becker et al. 1996). This essay of mine attempts to show the link among learning train ing and development as a strategy to organization. Learning and development as an approach of strategy stands for how an organization make sure that the present and future learning and development activities support the achievements of its goals by improving skills and capabilities of individuals and teams.. it should be business directed, this means that it should be designed to help the attainment of business goals by promoting human capital management(Armstrong 2009). Learning can be defined as a means by which a person acquire and develop new knowledge, skills, capabilities, behaviors and attitudes† Armstrong 2011 pg 664. Honey and Mumford noted explained learning happens when people show that they know they didn’t prior to the time they are now. The enhancement of capabilities previously had which leads to skills, knowledge and attitudes through a continual process that tends to prepare people for more responsibities in the future is the act of learning. Estherby-smith et al (2000) agreed to the fact that there is a debate whether learning should be defined as change in cognition or behaviors, thus showing that researchers would agree with defining learning as a change in organizations knowledge and is a fuction of experience. Learning and development as a strategy is concerned with creating a learning culture that will encourage learning and will provide a basis for planning and implementing learning activities and programmes(Armstrong 2011) this means that for an organization to use the concept of learning as a strategy is has to imbibe the learning culture which is one that learning that is practiced from top management, line managers and employees generally as an essential way of doing things in the firm which they commit to and continuously done. A learning organization was deined by senge(1990) as one where people learn together, where collective aspiration is set free, where there is nuturinng of expansive pattern of thinking and they continuously enlarge their capabilities to create outcomes they truly desire. I have previously mentioned development with learning because both of the them are related when one think about it generally but would like to define it now in the next paragraph. i would be explaining learning and developments together as being strategic. Development can be defined as concerned withensuring that a perons ability and potential are grown and raised in the process of learning experiences or through self directed learning. Development is the end product of true learning which can be seen through changes in outcome of pre and post learning activities i. e the change from the present state of understanding and capabilitiy to a new and higher level of knowledge, skills and abilities. These processes of learning and developments wouldnot take place not to now talk of being strategic without individuals in the organization, this means that individual members are the organism through which organizational learning and development take place. The knowledge embedded in that or those individuals have to be reposited to other people in the firm to gain competitive advantage which is the whole reason for the strategy in itself which are affected by the following factors explained by Argote(2011). Firstly, the experience of the organization affects the organizational learning,this done not by characterizing experience at a gross level , but taking a fine grained approach to describing or noting its elements along with various dimensions( Argote et al 2002). the purpose of taking this approach is to be be able to tell when experience is positive or negative in relation to the processes and outcomes in order to be able to explain relationships amongst the types of experience and to design the learning experience in order to be strategic about the learning. Secondly is the process of organizational learning itself, which is conceived as having three processes: creating, retaining and transferring knowledge. Not much research has been done on creation unlike knowledge retention and transfer. Empirical research over at least the last twenty years that there would be significant difference innovative capabilities of a firm and its knowledge through it transfers within the firm (easterby et all 2008) this is key to the success of the ensuring of the strategy of the firm. This depends on characteristics of the individual that has the knowledge, recipient, attributes of the knowledge and the knowledge transfer process itself as an mportant factor to developing learning capabilities which lead to competitive advantage of the firm (Grant 1996) Another factor is the that could lad to learning being a succes is thr stratetic management it self,peopke whoput these learning and development strategy into place itself. Dynamic capabilities which is an example of strategic management are impotant concepts in relation to organisational learning and its sub process. ‘a greater understanding of how dynamic capabilities develop through organizational learning is needed† Argate 2011 pg Contextuality is also another factor that affects learning which is characterized by the situation and envitonment in which the company finds it self. Oragnisational learniong can do well in an environment which its stability varies with time or turbulent (herdberg 981) little inducement of learning occurs in an environment that’s stable while in a too turbulent environment, the organisation would not be able to interpret environmental responses(bierly and hamalainen 1995) if care is not taken,learning under ambiguity may occur which march and olsen 1975 defined as a situation where the environment is unanalysable and the learning cyle still continues and percieved as an interpretation or meaning. â€Å" Knowledge capabilities are at the heart of the effectiveness of organizations. Since the market and competitive environment of all companies is rapidly changing, the value of existing capabilities will quickly decay, resulting in a lack of competitiveness. It is imperative for organizations to focus on developing their knowledge capabilities on an ongoing basis, or they will face extinction. Organizational development must be centered on the continual enhancement of knowledge capabilities, as the foundation of organizational effectiveness in all fields† Dawson 2000. Armstrong(2009) identified the following elements needed for learning and development to be really strategic and they go follows: it should make a major contribution to the successful attainment of the organizations objective and investments: it should be integrated with and support the achievement of business and human resource strategies: it should be designed un such a way that it would achieve improvement in corporate functional and maximum development in skills and knowledge of people in the organization; equal opportunity for everyone in the organization to develop their skills and knowledge while attaining personal development through the framework of individual and self directed learning but still maintain the primary knowledge of knowing that this is dependent on the employee themselves who be guided and supported by their manager as necessary with the members of the hr department.

Essay on Internet Privacy :: Free Essays Online

Internet Privacy This world today seems to have no privacy on the Internet, despite the Governments effort to help the consumer regain their privacy. In 1997 the government passed the Consumer Internet Privacy Protection Act. Through this bill, the consumer has the right to all information that an Internet company has on them. The Internet Company cannot sell the information of that consumer without that consumer's written consent. The bill sounds really good doesn't it? If the bill is so great, how is it that our private information is still getting out there? Well, let's take a closer look. According to an article that I found through Yahoo!, companies are using the consumer's information as a company asset just in case the company was to go bankrupt. In the article it talks of how Amazon.com has reviewed it privacy policies and has decided to just get ready to sell anything they have on a consumer, such as; "names, shipping and billing addresses, credit card numbers, e-mail addresses, employers, gift wish lists, Social Secur i ty Numbers..." and so on and so forth. Isn't that scary, one day, a company is doing fine, getting all the information that they can on a person and saying that all information is secured, then the next day, they are going bankrupt and selling the informa t ion to whoever has the largest bid. Who would've thought that when you went to buy that thing you really wanted off the Internet, your information was being stored so it could be sold? How thoughtless of them. For me, I don't give out any information besi des my name, and who knows who has tha t. You may ask yourself, where does the Internet Privacy Act of 1997 play in this? I am wondering the same thing. Well, it obviously doesn't play a large role; Amozon.com has stopped letting their customers decline the option of letting their information be sold. Where is the government? Why aren't they stepping up? I thought that the reasoning behind this entire act was to protect consumers, I don't see any protection at all. There was a statement in the article that was previously mentioned that just took me by surprise. Patty Smith made it in regard to customer information, she said: ``We treat customer data with great care and consideration,'' she said, ``and we will continue to do so going forward.

Care for the Elderly Essay

AIM/PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to address to family members or family carers for older people with dementia a range of perspectives, as understanding perspective of those affected. For the purpose of giving them an idea of knowing the early signs and symptoms of dementia and the suggested care by the experienced staff involved in this study. To know and identify the problems of the person having dementia, and as carers, to know how to respond to these problem. Thus, the older people would meet their needs and will be looked after. INTRODUCTION The definition of dementia is fairly simple. Dementia is a group of diseases that cause a permanent decline of person’s ability to think, reason and manage his own life. Dementia is caused by biological processes within the brain that damage brain cells. They cause a person to have impaired memory, forgetfulness and an inability to retain new information. To lose the ability to speak and be understood by others and the ability to understand written or spoken language. To lose the ability to plan, make good judgements and carry out multi-step tasks. To lose the ability to process and understand visual information. These losses mean that a person with dementia cannot manage his own day-to-day and personal care. The implications for a person with this diagnosis and her family can be staggering. Dementia, regardless of its cause, is a progressive condition. It is distressing and frightening illness for individual and heartbreaking for family members. The course of the illness may be gradual and sometimes subtle, as in classically seen in Alzheimer’s disease. It may be abrupt and  can be characterised by sudden episodes of deterioration as the case of Vascular Dementia, also known as multi infarct dementia. In Lewy Body Dementia, the course of the illness maybe punctuated by episodes of confusion, hallucinations, and delusions and in fronto temporal dementia by insidious personality or behavioural changes. Today there are more than thousands of people with dementia here in Ireland. If this current demographic trends to continue, this number is likely to rise substantially in the coming years. In the older population, dementia is the most frequent reason for long term care. Because most form of dementia cannot be cured, the aim of this treatment is to delay the disease progression And to maintain functioning and quality of life. The purpose of this research is to conduct a study to understand the perspective of those affected is crucial prior to the development of care people with dementia and the impact on all those affected, for example, the person with dementia,carers and family members. To understand the manifestation application in day to day life. DEMENTIA AS A DISEASE Dementia is a syndrome due to disease of the brain, usually of a chronic or progressive nature, in which there is disturbance of multiple higher cortical functions, including memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension, calculation, learning capacity, language and judgement. Consciousness is not clouded. The impairments of cognitive function are commonly accompanied, and occasionally preceded by deterioration in emotional control, social behaviour, or motivation. The syndrome occurs in Alzheimer’s disease, in cerebrovascular disease, and in other conditions primarily or secondarily affecting the brain. There are a number of different reasons – some neurological and others environmental – why people with dementia may exhibit challenging behaviours. Some behaviours, for example, are caused by a chemical imbalance in the  brain and may be directly related to the dementia but others may be precipitated by a myriad of psychosocial and environmental factors such as room temperature (too hot or too cold), the person’s fatigue or malaise, he or she being in pain, bored or frightened being surrounded by unfamiliar faces. Agitation, aggression, wandering and repeated questioning, for example, may be an expression of unmet need. The big paradox in dementia care is that people with dementia need much time. If you have dementia, or you are looking after someone who does, you will experience a range of practical issues. People with dementia can feel vulnerable as their condition progresses and they increasingly rely on other people to do things for them. It is important that people who have dementia feel reassured and supported, while retaining some level of independence. Although some symptoms are common to many people with dementia, each person’s experience of the disease will be different. When a person with dementia finds that their mental abilities are declining, they’re likely to feel anxious, stressed and scared. They may be aware of their increasing clumsiness and inability to remember things, and this can be very frustrating and upsetting for them. If you are looking after someone with dementia, you can help them feel more secure by creating a regular daily routine in a relaxed environment where they’re encouraged and not criticised. Involving the person you look after in everyday tasks may make them feel useful and improve their sense of self-worth. They could help with the shopping, laying the table or sweeping leaves in the garden, for example. As the illness progresses, these tasks may become harder for them to manage independently, and you may need to give them more support. How can we be help to people with dementia? Offer support sensitively and try not to be critical of their attempts. It can be very important for them to feel that they’re still useful. In the early stages of dementia, memory aids can be used around the house to help the person remember where things are. For example, you could put pictures on cupboard doors of what’s inside, such as cups and saucers. This may help to trigger their memory and enable them to retain their independence a little  longer. Keeping up hobbies and interests when someone has dementia Many people with dementia will still enjoy their hobbies or interests. For example, if they like cooking, they may be able to help make a meal. Going for a walk or gardening can provide exercise and fresh air. Or they may prefer listening to music or playing a board game. Caring for a pet cat or dog can bring a lot of pleasure to some people. If the person you care for was very sociable and outgoing, or if they have a large family, they may really enjoy visits from one or two family members or friends. But remember that they may struggle to keep up with conversations if they have a lot of visitors at the same time. Maintaining good health and nutrition in someone with dementia It’s important that the person you care for healthy foods and gets some exercise. The longer they stay fit and healthy, the better their quality of life will be. If the person you care for doesn’t eat enough or eats unhealthy food, they can become susceptible to other illnesses. People with dementia can become more confused if they get ill. Common problems for people with dementia include: not recognising foods forgetting what food they like refusing or spitting out food resisting being fed asking for strange food combination How can we help? Involve the person you care for. For example, if you feed them, you could put the cutlery in their hand and help guide it to their mouth. You could also involve them in preparing food if they are able to.Try to stay calm. If you feel stressed at mealtimes, the person you care for will probably be stressed too. Make sure you have plenty of time for meals so you can deal with any problems that arise. Try to accommodate behaviour changes. It’s  likely that the person you care for will change their eating patterns and habits over time. Being aware of this and trying to be flexible will make mealtimes less stressful for both of you. People with incontinence Incontinence can be difficult to deal with and can be very upsetting for the person you care for. It’s common for people with dementia to experience incontinence. A person with dementia may also simply forget to go to the toilet, or may forget where the toilet is. They may also have lost the ability to tell when they need the toilet. It’s important to be understanding, retain a sense of humour and remember that it’s not their fault. You may also want to try the following: Put a sign on the toilet door, such as a photo of the toilet Keep the toilet door open Make sure that the person you care for can access it easily make sure they can remove their clothes – some people with dementia can struggle with buttons and zips Look out for signs that they may need to go to the toilet, such as fidgeting and standing up and down. Helping someone with dementia with their personal hygiene People with dementia can become anxious about certain aspects of personal hygiene and may need help with washing. For example, they may be scared of falling when getting out of the bath, or they may become disorientated in the shower. The person may not want to be left alone or they may resist washing because they find the lack of privacy undignified and embarrassing, at which it is no longer safe to leave the person alone, and never leave the person alone in the bathroom. a).Coaching the person through each step of bathing, ex.: by asking him or her to hold a washcloth or shampoo bottle. Avoid asking the person to do a  task that is too difficult. †¢ Ask what time of day and what routine is best for  bathing given the person’s choices and previous   routines. †¢ Consider whether a person may be afraid of water  or have a depth perception impairment that may   make entering a bathtub frightening. †¢ Respect the person’s dignity by providing a towel  to cover his or her body throughout the process. †¢ Consider the frequency of bathing. It may not be  necessary for individuals to bathe every day. †¢ Be gentle. A person’s skin may be very sensitive.  Avoid scrubbing, and pat dry instead of rubbing. A hand-held shower may help to wash hard to   reach areas. †¢ Wash the most sensitive areas last, including the  head, face and perineal area. †¢ Washing the person’s hair may be the most People with dementia often experience disturbed sleep. They may wake up during the night or be restless. These problems may get worse as the illness progresses. People with dementia may also have painful illnesses such as arthritis that cause, or contribute to, sleep problems. Some medication can cause sleepiness during the day and interfere with sleep at night. Sleeping pills can be used with care in people with dementia. However, ‘sleep hygiene’ measures are best for people with dementia – for example, no naps during the day, regular bedtimes and avoiding alcohol or caffeine at night. DRESSING †¢ Others do not feel dressing up is important and this choice should be equally respected. Attempt to gather this information from family if the person with dementia is unable to communicate. †¢ Simplify clothing choices for the person according to his or her ability to choose. †¢ Give the person short, simple instructions while handing them an item such as â€Å"Put on your shirt.† Sometimes just handing the person an item of clothing (without saying anything) will facilitate dressing. †¢ Choose comfortable, simple clothing that easy to put on and take off. Consider cardigans, or other clothing that buttons in the front, rather than pullovers. Substitute snaps or zippers for buttons. Keep in mind that if you alter a familiar routine or method, the person with dementia may have difficulty learning something new, so try to follow  the same routine and use familiar fasteners for   as long as possible. †¢ Make sure the person has comfortable, sturdy non-slip shoe EATING AND DRINKING †¢ Dementia may lead to changes in eating or drinking (e.g. eating more or less) because those affected by it may not be able to prepare meals, remember to eat or drink, remember when they last ate, know or be able to say that they are hungry or thirsty, or smell and taste in the same way they did before. †¢ A person with dementia may not be able to initiate the task of eating, but if a spoon is placed in his or her hand, he or she may begin to eat. †¢ It may become more difficult for the person with dementia to swallow foods and liquids safely as dementia progresses. †¢ A person with dementia may refuse to eat or drink because of physical or emotional conditions at the end of life. . Help the person eat and drink what he or she likes, and provide food that meets dietary needs to promote health and safety. †¢ Help to make mealtimes pleasant and enjoyable; involve family when the person and family are amenable. Falls Falling is accidentally coming into contact with the ground or another surface, like a table. Falls may occur with or without injury and often result from a loss of balance. †¢ People with dementia have a greater risk of falling because they can have problems seeing, thinking, moving, and balancing. †¢ The cause of falls can be related to the person’s abilities or home environment. †¢ Personal risks include: history of falls, depression, vision problems, muscle weakness, fear of falling, multiple medications, being tired, blood pressure problems, incontinence, and being unable to move or having difficulty with movement. Environmental risks can include: †¢Confusing environment and clutter †¢Slippery footwear †¢Unsafe equipment †¢Lack of stable furniture or handrails †¢Surfaces (e.g. floor, stairs, or ground) that are uneven, slippery or have glare †¢Poor lighting, especially at night †¢ Weather conditions that may result in slippery surfaces, or heat exhaustion †¢Rugs and door mats Encourage safety and maintain a person’s ability to move within a living space by decreasing the risk of falls and related injuries. Encourage daily exercise to increase or maintain physical strength. Wandering Wandering describes the behavior of people with dementia who move about in ways that may appear pointless but often have purpose. Wandering, like all behavioral symptoms of dementia, happens for understandable reasons. It may occur as a result of an unmet need for social interaction or friendship, a noisy environment, pain or distress, boredom or other causes. Wandering is not necessarily a behavior that must be stopped. Wandering can help a person remain physically fit and in a better mood. It can help a  person sleep better at night. Wandering can be dangerous when a person leaves home alone or goes into unsafe areas. Physical problems, such as injuries, health risks agitation, or death Wandering may happen because of many things that the person with dementia cannot express, including: †¢ A need for food, fluids, exercise or the toilet †¢ Pain, a need to urinate, constipation, infection or medication effects †¢ A need for security or friendship †¢ Depression, anxiety, delusions or hallucinations HOW CAN WE BE OF HELP Help a person move about safely and independently and understand the difference between safe and unsafe wandering. †¢ Determine each person’s need and ability to move about †¢ Wandering patterns, such as time of day it happens, events or places that cause it †¢Other needs such as hunger, the need to go to the bathroom, or boredom †¢ Mental abilities, especially safety awareness and being impulsive by asking the person where is he/she at the moment, what is he/she doing in that place. †¢Vision and hearing, make sure he wears his hearing aid if applicable or eyeglasses. †¢Ability to move, do they need an aid for mobility like frame or stick. †¢Emotional conditions that may relate to wandering, such as anxiety or depression, or maybe substitute for another activity. †¢Environmental hazards such as poor lighting, throw rugs and uneven floors make sure all the surroundings are clear from having an injury. †¢The person’s footwear and clothing is safe for them, not too tight and not too loose or not too slippery. EVALUATION/ CONCLUSION This studies conducted to date does provide sufficient evidence of care or less costly care with effectiveness for any of the interventions or suggestions made of how can we be of help by knowing early signs and symptoms of dementia and that the carers would be more familiar with these if they have older people at home or relative. Most of this research studies and feed back from the participants, a nursing staff and a health care assistant, the implementations or help suggestions have a very positive effects in regards of the care for people with dementia. Therefore, we believe that most of the complex needs of the people with dementia and their family carers can be met by primary care services as well as community care services. However these services need to be individualized, comprehensive, accessible, flexible and delivered by competent well trained care provider. When we say community care, GP’s are the first point of contact for the individual and family members worried about the signs and symptoms of dementia. We believe that the sooner we identify the problem the sooner we respond to it thus preventing major problems could occur. Inevitably, some people with dementia would be unbearable for the family members, so some people might end up attending acute care or A&E care, or being admitted as in patients to these hospitals. Dementia care hence being implemented by professional and well trained nursing staff or health care assistant. Thus, dementia care is being met in acute setting with extra cost. Or some might end up that the family members could not cope up at home and they are already burdened so older people are being handed over to the care of nursing homes Therefore, the development of a more positive view of older people and old age and the broadening of the view of older life to encompass more than the health needs and the development of the view of responsiveness to needs is the best way forward to look after the elderly. RECOMMENDATIONS In terms of the care for people for dementia, greater levels of resources are needed to augment the availability, accessibility and usefulness of person centred dementia specific services that support the abilities of people with dementia. Specific health and social care are needed or must be revised to counter dementia. Families and carers must be involved in regards of planning and development of dementia. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books, ForestKnolls, CA Feil, Naomi. 1933. The Validation Breakthrough, Simple techniques for Communicating with People with dementia. Planning Guide with Dementia care at home: A reference Tool for Managing Care. Elements of Nursing 1985.

Happy Ending by Margaret Atwood Essay

In this essay, I examine the short story, â€Å"Happy Endings,† by Margaret Atwood and how the Canadian author tackled the topic of love and the different ways it is portrayed in relationships and marriage, as well as examined writing styles as used in the story. For my conclusion, I will elaborate on the importance of love and romance in making marriages last as well as emphasize on the cruciality of coming up with an original and authentic literary work. In this story, Atwood focused on both the mechanics of writing and the effects of gender stereotyping, as well as challenged writers who rely on the stereotypical characterization of men and women and to the reader who accepts such gender typing. At the same time, she challenged other writers to more closely examine typical literary convention. Happy Endings has six story versions that present a different scenario of what Through analysis of â€Å"Happy Endings† by Margaret Atwood happens to the main characters, John, Mary, Madge and Fred. Three main themes surface from this story. These themes are that the story depicts middle-class values; portrays marriage and romance; and illustrates writing conventions. Touching on middle-class values, Atwood represents these values in her story as an element of the society. In doing so, the characters in the story manifest them even in the more troublesome aspects of the stories. In tackling marriage and romance, the story revolves around the fulfillment that marriage brings. Using material success and ease of life as the criteria to define a successful marriage, John and Mary certainly have built one. Romance, on the other hand, also emerges as an important theme. The various versions of the story mimic the trajectory of cliched romance novels, which end with the hero and the heroine living happily ever after. Atwood also parodies some typical plots of romantic novels, which include murder, suicide, infidelity, and disease. Lastly, Atwood also dealt with writing conventions in the story by way of experimentation. Atwood’s text in the story is self-referential as she explicitly refers to events that have happened earlier on, as well as the mechanics and elements of writing. Both directly and indirectly, Atwood addresses the whole notion of how an author develops a story. In addition, Atwood’s work also challenges writers to compose authentic works. From the above information and opinions, I conclude that for a more different and effective way of writing, authenticity is important for writers to value. I also conclude that love in marriage or any kind of relationship needs romance to be its companion in order for these relationships to last as romance is the oil that keeps friction from wearing out the relationship. References BookRags and Thomson Gale. (2006). Happy endings study guide. Retrieved February 28, 2008, from http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-happyendings/

The great gatsby bildungsroman Essay

The great gatsby bildungsroman Essay The great gatsby bildungsroman Essay There are few things more American than crusty fruit-filled treat, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and a great, antiquated Bildungsroman (the recent being a German word, however I'm ready to look past it on the off chance that you are). A Bildungsroman is a transitioning story, an account in which the principle character develops and ends up as the story advances. We, as perusers, have the capacity really be display for the scenes of clash that shapes the character into who he inevitably gets to be. We are truly there with the character the entire adventure, importance there's no I-ponder what-made-him-turn-out-thusly addresses in our personalities. Imprint Twain's Huckleberry Finn takes after this structure as Huck encounters a standard transformation by grappling with his own convictions and practicing self-sufficiency from his general public. Before all else of the novel, we get with Huck where we exited him in Tom Sawyer. His existence with the Widow is agreeable, secure, and "sivilized". Truth be told, Huck reports, "at the outset I detested the school, yet before long I got so I could stand it...i was getting used to the widow's ways, as well, they warn't so rough on me...i like the old ways best, yet I was getting so I preferred the new ones, as well, a smidgen. The widow said I was going along moderate however beyond any doubt, and doing exceptionally acceptable (p. 27)". Huck is still a young person, in any case, and loves to mess around with alternate children and to lie and twist stories for his own delight. He once in a while contemplates the outcomes of his activities and neglects to see the effect it has on others. The primary sign of progress in Huck, on the other hand, is after he plays a trick on Jim by making him accept he was envisioning, "It was fifteen prior minutes I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger- -yet I done it, and I warn't ever sad for it thereafter, not one or the other. I didn't do him no more mean traps, and I wouldn't done that one on the off chance that I'd a knowed it would make him feel that way (p. 95)". This demonstrates a momentous feeling of compassion and obligation, particularly considering the way that Jim is a typical slave that may have been viewed as unimportant property as of now ever. In section XXIV, Huck witnesses the Duke and King confer shocking misrepresentation by lying about their characters to a family grieving the passing of a friend or family member. He says, "In the event that they warn't the beatenest parcel, them two cheats, that ever I struck. That being said, the men assembled around, and sympathized with them, and said assorted types of kind diminishes to tem, and conveyed their floor covering packs up a slope for them, and let them incline toward them and cry, and educated the ruler all concerning his sibling's last minutes, and the lord he let it know once more staring him in the face to the duke, and both of them tackled about that dead tanner like they'd lost the twelve pupils. All things considered, in the event that I ever struck anything like it, I'm a nigger. It was sufficient to make a body embarrassed about humankind (p.175-76)". Claiming to be another person is a strategy Huck has utilized every now and again up until this point (and con siderably after). How significant, then, that Huck considers their activities enough to make him "embarrassed about humanity" considering the way that they are white men. Obviously, we have the capacity see that Huck is starting to

Personal finance Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal finance - Term Paper Example Most money market securities provide interest income. Even if one’s liquidity needs are covered, one may invest in these securities to maintain a low level of risk. Yet, he can also consider some alternative securities that typically provide a higher rate of return but are more risky. Stocks Stocks are certificates representing partial ownership of a firm. Stock investors become shareholders of the firm. Firms issue stocks to obtain funds to expand their business operations. Investors invest in stock when they believe that they may earn a higher return than alternative investments offer. Primary and Secondary Stock Markets Stocks can be traded in a primary or a secondary market: The primary market is a market in which newly issued securities are traded. Firms can raise funds by issuing new stock in the primary market. The first offering of a firm’s stock to the public is referred to as an ‘initial public offering’ (IPO). A secondary market facilitates the t rading of existing securities by enabling investors to sell their shares at any time. These shares are purchased by other investors who wish to invest in that stock. Thus, even if a firm is not issuing new shares of stock, investors can easily obtain shares of that firm’s stock by purchasing them in the secondary market. On a typical day, more than a million shares are traded in the secondary market. The price of the stock changes each day in response to changes in supply and demand. Types of Stock Investors Stock investors can be classified as institutional investors or individual investors: Institutional investors These are professionals employed by a financial institution who are responsible for managing money on behalf of the clients they serve. They attempt to select stocks or other securities that will provide a reasonable return on investment. The employees of financial institutions who make investment decisions are referred to as ‘portfolio managers’ beca use they manage a portfolio of securities (including stocks). More than half of all trading in financial markets is attributable to institutional investors. Individual investors commonly invest a portion of the money earned from their jobs. Like institutional investors, they invest in stocks to earn a reasonable return on their investment. In this way their money can grow by the time they wish to use it to make purchases. The number of individual investors has increased substantially in the last 20 years. Many individual investors hold their stocks for periods beyond one year. In contrast, some individual investors called ‘day traders’ buy stocks and then sell them on the same day. They hope to capitalize on very short-term movements in security prices. In many cases, their investments last for only a few minutes. Many day traders conduct their investing as a career, relying on their returns from investing as their main source of income. This type of investing is very r isky because the stock prices of even the best-managed firms periodically decline. Day trading is not recommended for most investors. Return from Investing in Stock Stocks can offer a return on investment through dividends and stock price appreciation. Some firms distribute quarterly income to their shareholders in the form of dividends rather than reinvest the earnings in the firm’

Changes in Australian Employment Relations Essay

Changes in Australian Employment Relations - Essay Example This essay consists of four sections which shed light on the interference of the Australian government in the employment relationship. The first section will observe the prevalence of employment relations in Australia. The second section analyzes the past trends in Australian government interference in employment relations. The next section discusses the changes in the employment relationship. The final section provides an overall evaluation of the interference of the Australian government in employment relations.The employment relationship is described within many contexts, including economic, political, social, cultural, technological and global arenas. â€Å"The employment relationship is the legal link between employers and employees. It exists when a person performs work or services under certain conditions in return for remuneration. It is through the employment relationship, however, defined, that reciprocal rights and obligations are created between the employee and the empl oyer†. Political parties played a major role in the interference of the government in employment relations. â€Å"The State influences the employment relationship directly through laws on wages (e.g. minimum wages), working conditions (e.g. on hours of work) and many other issues, and through its role as the employer of public sector workers. It also has a series of indirect influences†. The laws made by the State are effectively implemented by the government. The term State and government are often used interchangeably. In Australia, laws have been implemented by the State regarding the employment relation. The employment relationship in Australia has an old history in which political parties played a major role. The employment relationship is often associated with industries and is sometimes known as industrial relations.  

Case Study Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Case Study Assignment - Essay Example He further argues that the development department is capable of producing the software within the stipulated time since one of the employees at the department told him that they have extra time to develop such kind of software. Kelly Thomas argues that the reason as to why they cannot develop the software by August is because, based on his analysis of two years ago, when the company had more people, every support engineer was allocated a client after every one hour and as a result, the product in the market was of high quality and needed less support. Currently, the engineering development department has a shortage after 25 percent of the total staff was laid off and thus the remaining personnel needs more time to create the software since most of them are involved in the engineering support department for customers. Chris argues that the sales and revenues of the company are shrinking and to maintain the strengths and productivity of the company, there needs to be a 15 percent cut in the budget of the company. Chris further argues that it is possible to achieve a 15 percent cut in the budget without laying-off of staff and thus Total Corporation of the employees of the department is needed. The argument made by Cliff O Connor is sound. This argument is based on statistics and records of the company and thus he foresees the future based on past and current trends. For instance, Cliff argues that the current revenue of the company based on sales and service ratio is 50:50. This argument can only be made if there is an available statistical data to provide proof. In conclusion, the argument made by Cliff is very logical. The argument made by Pat Lambert is unsound. It is based on predictions and no available record is shown to support his line of reasoning. Pat argues that customers will be happy if the prototype is in the market by August despite its incompletion. Normally, if a product is released in the market and it does not offer value

Can democracy emerge in any country or must there be some Essay

Can democracy emerge in any country or must there be some pre-requisites in place beforehand - Essay Example The paper tells that democracy as an operational political framework does not simply emerge in any country; it is built. Thus, there are bounds to the advantages of being informed by assumptions from historical sociology and pragmatic political analysis, which use retrospection, in recognising prerequisites for democracy. Three aspects act together to decide which direction a society will take throughout the course of regime change: the choices of the Defender and Challenger, the Defender’s reaction to the choices of the Mass Public, and the method of the Defender during the discussions. A Defender and a Challenger argue in the discussions about the form of political system that will be established as the result of the transition stage of the course of democratisation. According to Gill, each desires to gain a result for the process of regime choice that directly resembles their best regime. Even though it serves an important function in the process as a provider of knowledge or necessary resources, the Mass Public does not participate in the discussions. The Defender is the current player, and hence the adherent of the existing state of affair. It is either the totalitarian government whose power was destabilised by the passing of a major event or the entity that deposed the previous government as a part of the major event. The Challenger aims to seize control from the Defender. It may aim to set up a competitive democratic structure, or it may aim to establish a new totalitarian structure under its power. The Mass Public has choices as well about the form of political system it would want the process of regime choice to generate (Diamond & Gunther 2001). Such choices reveal the degree to which a negotiation among opposing motives is probable and thus how simple or complex the compromises will be. The response of the Defender to the Mass Public ideas reveals its evaluation of its opportunities to attain its most favoured result for the process (Gill 200 2). According to Gill (2002), the technique the Defender takes on during the compromises demonstrates whether or not it thinks it should negotiate with the Challenger. Thus, the process of regime choice may produce major results, namely, sustained totalitarianism and democratisation. There are particular directions through the process

Some Issues Of Governance In Pakistan Economics Essay

Some Issues Of Governance In Pakistan Economics Essay Good governance is regarded as development agenda in Pakistan by each government while the public see governance as the major indicator for sustainable development. In this premise, good governance is known as one of the most decisive factor for thriving accomplishment of the strategic thrust, policies and programs. It is as an exercise of authority to manage a countrys affair at all levels to improve the quality of life of the people. It is a continuous process where divergent opinions and desires are satisfied through compromise and tolerance in a spirit of cooperative action for the mutual benefit of the larger whole.  [1]  According to World Bank and UNDP, governance has three dimensions; the political regime, the systems and procedures for exercising authority and the capacity of governments.  [2]  This paper discusses the underlying causes of weak governance and interaction between state institutions and citizens in Pakistan along with suggesting some policy options as minimum action needed for improvement. It is widely acknowledged by the academia that the state-machinery of government has contributed to the present state of affairs. Further, the federally-managed resources are obstacles for provinces to obtain the best value for money. Sincere civil servants are frustrated with cost ineffective systems and procedures; the general public is faced with an irresponsive and non accountable political and bureaucratic system while the entrepreneur is witnessed with a set of contradictory policies which further hinder his business. Briefly, both federation and provinces of Pakistan must bring about drastic changes to achieve economic growth and to improve the quality of life of its people. Conceptual Framework of Good Governance The term good governance is coined by the World Bank and its foundations rest on the principles of freedom, equality, justice and accountability. Philosophical literature and religious texts are full with the definitions and examples of both good and bad governance. The traces of good governance can be found in history which reports the downfall of nations due to bad governance and also gives lessons that how nations have risen to great heights because of good governance. At the moment, the concept of governance has been evolving from some narrow definition used by the World Bank as the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a countrys economic and social resources to the broader definition adopted by the Commission on Global Governance as the sum of the many ways in which individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common affairs.  [3]   Good Governance in the context of Pakistan, go beyond good politics. In Pakistan good governance must enable all the stakeholders to enhance economic growth, social development and a mechanism to sustain growth in the future. This can be achieved through civil services reforms, capacity building of institutions, improving and devolution of fiscal administration, increasing the role of the private sector and controlling unproductive public expenditures. All of these fall within four broad areas, namely, legislative framework, institutional capacity, efficiency and management.  [4]  Legislative framework is set of boundaries within which institutions, agencies and agents can operate and therefore addresses issues related to devolution, discretion and accountability. Institutional capacity identifies the ability of institutions, agencies and agents to identify policies ensure coherence and coordination and ensure compliance. While the efficiency addresses issues of resource generati on, expenditure planning, expenditure controls regulation and overall public administration to ensure the most effective use of resources. The last but not the least is management which addresses issues related to the proper use of systems and procedures and the mechanisms used for the development of the infrastructure and the delivery of services by ensuring that there is an equitable and transparent access to goods and services and protection of public interest from private intrusion. Legislative Framework Legislative issues are important and need to be addressed. Although constitution of Pakistan draws responsibilities between various tiers of government yet there are some areas where no clear-cut allocation of responsibilities is specified. Further, this lack of clarity creates fragments between the functions of various tiers of government and the services which should be delivered by the provincial governments are yet delivered by the centre. This change has not yet been brought in the future programmes. It requires designing of new mechanism for attaining this very objective. One of such mechanism is employing Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in making communities aware of their rights and responsibilities. They have been developed to some extent but are largely working as case studies. However, this role needs to be extended. There are also concerns about the legislations that it is passed without adequate drafting skills. Furthermore, some built-in provisions and powers to s et aside any mandatory requirement are more often used. These provisions are related with extreme cases of hardship but history is full of the examples where these provisions have been exploited for personal gains. In addition, discretionary quotas provide benefits to the few. These steps result in inefficient public institutions and further pave the way for corruption. In this outline, discretionary quotas followed by discretionary power should be the removed as a first objective. Institutional Capacity-building Although legislation is necessary for an efficient and transparent allocation of responsibilities yet without the corresponding capacity, no change may be forthcoming.  [5]  Contrary to it, government institutions are facing huge number of shortcomings. Coherent and coordinated policies are absent in public institutions while the current systems and procedures are outdated.  [6]  Although the mechanisms to ensure coordination do exist yet are not implemented. Further there is permanent hindrance in routine management while the existing staff is also inadequately trained.  [7]  All of these issues can be eliminated through capacity-building of institutions. There is an immense need of decentralization of functions which means that financial powers and administrative authority should be given to the lowest tier of government. But decentralization is not a cure-all for resolving Pakistans continuing crisis of governance. It has the potential of decreasing the distance between citizens and the state and thus enabling the government to be more responsive to local needs.  [8]  Simple transfer of power from centre to region in decentralization will fail to empower the people, and intensify the crisis of governance to new levels.  [9]   An irresponsive civil service needs reforms to make the civil servants answerable for their actions. History of Pakistan has only witnessed a notable reform in 1973. Apparently, it was a measure designed to enhance the professional quality of the cadre but it became a powerful means of political influence. The current inefficient and corrupt needs to be weeded out and staff skills need to be developed to use modern management techniques.  [10]  Simple attendance at courses operated by civil service training institutions does not constitute training. Civil servants must be required to show absorption of training skills by results in tests and examination, and this process should be very frequent. Efficiency There are number of ways to achieve efficiency. The use of appropriate mechanisms ensures the greatest value for money and this can be one way out. Further, pro-active legislation and use of information can ensure target-based management. The use of information technology through the development and implementation of standardized procedures could also become the cornerstone for change. While private sector participation can overcome a number of shortcomings in the development of infrastructure but this would result in excessive rents accruing only to the few agents.  [11]  The legislative framework establishes the boundaries within which the public-private partnership can take place. However, these laws will need to be translated into a workable and transparent regulatory framework. Most of the existing institutions are manned largely by staff without the knowledge and understanding needed to adapt to a rapidly changing operating environment. The international environment is in favor of the industrialized nations hence Pakistan needs to adopt a strategy which has been shown to be successful by the newly emerging industrial states, that is, the induction of the private sector from inception to implementation. In other words, Pakistan must include the private sector in all facets of dealing with the international community starting with preparation of position papers and underlying research, to actually negotiating access and, the subsequent supervision and management of the accord. Moreover, the general complaint with respect to Pakistans exports has been the absence of quality control. The private sector must ensure that this becomes a necessary condition for export. Towards this end, trade associations should be encouraged to establish and operate training centers and central quality control facilities, set standards which are mandatory, and establish a system of penalizing violators. Management Management can be divided into three broad categories; economic management, fiscal administration and expenditure management.  [12]  Economic management means efficient allocation of resources to ensure wide spread and equitable economic and social development of a nation. It is the basic responsibility of any government and this can only be achieved through good governance. Unfortunately, this has been a dream for not only the policy makers of Pakistan, but also of its people. Fiscal administration is another need of hour in Pakistan. Breakdown in economic governance results from the failure of governments to institute a progressive taxation structure. Today taxes are imposed on and collected from the poor. Large segments of civil society, particularly the rich remain inadequately taxed. Also there is exemption of tax on agricultural incomes and capital gains and the taxation structure creates inefficiency in the economies. Fiscal policy of Pakistan shows excess of tax holidays, exemptions and grants without an independent audit of assessment by outside agencies. A fundamental problem, however, is that the tax base remains narrow and a large proportion of direct taxes are collected as deductions at the source. Much of these shortcomings of tax administration can be reformed through broad systemic changes undertaken at all levels. The effectiveness of the change will depend on political support. The establishment of independent and autonomous Revenue Authorities with a market based pay structure with built-in rewards and penalties should be considered as the most viable vehicle for reform. Expenditure management is another important issue as planning and budgeting systems are deficient in Pakistan. This reduces transparency and accountability in the process of allocation and expenditure. Consultation in matters of taxation with vested interest groups has always existed but there is little external input in making the budget. Expenditure requests are not scrutinized by legislators and budgets are framed without a consistent macroeconomic framework. Medium to long-term expenditure plans are not prepared, neither are such frameworks established which results is no link between the composition of expenditures and the financing of the deficit to major economic parameters, such as growth and prices. Therefore, it erodes efficient allocation and effective management of the macro economy. End Result Corruption Mis-governance leads and breeds corruption in a number of ways, through bribery and extortion, nepotism, and fraud and embezzlement. It reduces the efficiency on which an economy depends, and by increasing the cost of investment, lowers the potential return. It also reduces the governments resources and hence its capacity for investment. Corruption in Pakistan is not a unique phenomenon. It occurs up stream and has wings which encourage flight of capital. Corruption has had adverse effects on human development and as Pakistan faces a scarcity of resources, it is unable to set up and enforce an effective legal framework to eradicate the corruption. According to Robert Klitgaard, who first devised the equation of corruption in 1988, corruption is a function of monopoly power, discretion, lack of accountability and low government salaries.  [13]   Corruption = f (Monopoly power, discretion, accountability, low government salaries) The combination of monopoly power and discretion alone is a disastrous combination. When linked to the absence of accountability and low legal earnings they become more than just lethal. One obvious mechanism to eliminate corruption would be to review legislation which helps breed corruption, such as through creating monopoly power, permitting discretion without checks and balances, places authority without responsibility. Parallel to this should be an effort to reform the judicial system generally. Another mechanism would be to introduce legislation which is effectively implemented through an impartial and independent authority. Corresponding changes in the laws of evidence and trial should allow for flexibility in procedures and rigour of evidence. The legislation alone is insufficient for eradication of corruption. At the same time the strength and independence of the judiciary must be secured. In summary, the action needed to eliminate corruption should include accountability from the top, setting up of national anti-corruption commissions and exclusive corruption courts, ending of unnecessary discretionary laws and ensuring transparency. Conclusion To ensure sustainable and equitable development the government must realize its role in economic development. This can only be achieved best through a realization that such a positive role requires not an expansion in the scale of government activity, but an increase in its effectiveness and a major reallocation of its resources. Poor governance is now recognizable. There is a failure to establish a framework of law and government behavior conduces to development, with a tendency to divert public resources for private gain. No arbitrariness in the application of rules and laws with excessively narrowly based decision making mechanisms only exacerbate the problem. Further the development in Pakistan can be achieved through political stability, stable macroeconomic environment, the outward-looking trade strategies, the quality of primary education, effective land reforms, credit reforms, a merit based efficient and competent bureaucracy, well-functioning institutions and development of core areas of comparative advantage. In sum, governance is a continuum; it does not automatically improve over time. Citizens need to demand good governance. Their ability to do so is only enhanced by awareness, education, and employment opportunities. The Government of Pakistan needs to be responsive to those demands. For change to be effective it must be embedded in the societies concerned and cannot be imposed from the outside. Notes